In Chapter 3 of Education for Critical Consciousness, Paulo Freire draws a sharp distinction between education and what he calls massification. Education, in Freire’s view, develops critically conscious...

A central argument in Chapter 3 of Education for Critical Consciousness is that democratic societies decline when citizens are transformed from active participants into passive spectators.

Modern democracy depends upon more than elections, institutions, and political participation. It depends upon citizens capable of critical thinking, ethical reflection, historical understanding,